Russian language is a complex, bright,extremely diverse. This applies to all its levels. Particularly interesting phenomena in it can be observed at the level of phonetics, vocabulary and grammar. These layers, first of all, in the most complete form will tell us about the changes that occur in speech and writing over time, under the influence of events occurring in society. If archaeologists obtain information about "the affairs of bygone days," while dealing with artifacts, linguists do the same work, studying the life of the word.
Lexical flippers
Vocabulary is perhaps the most agile linguisticreservoir It is more than other sections of philology associated directly with the speakers, with live communication. Therefore, the lexical composition of the Russian language is so rich, multifaceted, diverse. In addition to the traditional synonymous and antonymic groups that are entering into complex correlative relationships, linguists have identified another extensive community of words, called homonyms. It is extremely heterogeneous, its lexical units themselves form several separate branches. This, in addition to the homonyms proper, is homophones and homographs, the examples of which we have to analyze.
Definition of concept
The term came to us from the ancient Greek language andliterally translated as "equally written" or "I write the same." What does it mean? And the fact that homographs are examples of such words that have a similar graphic outline, but are pronounced differently and do not coincide in their lexical meaning. The difference in pronunciation is mainly due to the discrepancy between the stressed positions or the phonetic and grammatical laws. The most well-known homographs, examples of which clearly demonstrate this difference - the words behind "mock and deputy" to, and "tlas and atla" with and others.
Explain to children
Vocabulary is studied in detail in school in grade 5, andthen the children do not purposefully return to the material covered up to the final exams, when it is necessary to remember and systematize the entire knowledge base. Can not be said about other language sections. Therefore, it is important that schoolchildren are initially well learned and easily classified various linguistic phenomena. Explaining in class what homographs are, the teacher should sort out the examples in detail, following the principle “from simple to complex”. That is, first he explains himself, then asks the students to do the same. It is very important in the process of passing the topic to give words lexical interpretation. Only then will the assimilation of the material be durable, and memorization will be conscious.
Contextual environment
Therefore, understanding the theory, withfrom a methodological point of view, it would be more correct to provide not single homographs - examples of phrases with explanatory words will turn out to be much more visual. If the teacher writes the phrase “ancient castle, medieval castle, stone castle, castle with high towers, royal castle” on the blackboard, it will be quite clear to the children that this is an architectural structure, a residential building, etc. write down 1-2 suitable sentences with homographs. Examples: “On a high hill stood a formidable medieval castle. He was surrounded by an impregnable stone wall. ” And now the homograph: a smart lock, a padlock, a broken lock, a zipper lock. The children will immediately recognize that these examples mean the mechanism for closing something. And they will be able to continue the row themselves: “Dad punched a new reliable lock into the door. Now we can not be afraid for the safety of our apartment. ” If a teacher returns to this material from time to time during classes in subsequent classes, this will have a beneficial effect on the language practice of schoolchildren.
Close but not identical
Naturally, the child is difficult to save inall the information he received during the period of apprenticeship and in its original form to bring it to the exams. The first thing with which he begins to get confused is when the material on lexicology loses its relevance - what homographs and homophones are (synonyms and antonyms, homonyms are remembered more firmly, because they have more pronounced differentiated features). The phenomenon of homophony is based on sound proximity ("background" - sound).
Yes, these words are often written the same way.(far from always!) But their stress coincides, but homographs do not. Homophones are: a bow - a plant and a bow - a weapon, a scythe - hair and a spit - agricultural implements, a flu - a disease and a mushroom (different graphic cover with the same phonetic design!) - a plant.
Systematization homographs
The problem of the homography of the Russian language linguistsstarted to engage seriously in our 21st century. Until this time, this linguistic phenomenon was considered very superficially. In modern philology, in addition to graphic homographs (i.e., in its pure form), the following are distinguished:
- words that are written the same way and refer to the same part of speech, for example, the flour "and mu" ka;
- juxtaposed words with different vocabulary: sound "knock and ring" to;
- Situational homographs: at Ko "if - if".
A variety of tasks with an interesting biashelp schoolchildren to penetrate deeper into the riddles of Russian vocabulary and deal with its features. And be sure to teach them to use dictionaries, including homograph vocabulary!
