Modeling in computer science is what? Types and stages of modeling

In this paper, we propose to discuss in detail the topic of modeling in computer science. This section is of great importance for the training of future specialists in the field of information technology.

To solve any problem (industrial or scientific) computer science uses the following chain:

It is worth paying particular attention to the concept of"model". Without the presence of this link, the solution of the problem will not be possible. Why is the model used and what is meant by this term? This we will talk about in the next section.

Model

Modeling in computer science is the compilationimage of any real-life object that reflects all the essential features and properties. The model for the solution of the problem is necessary, since it, in fact, is used in the solution process.

In the school course of computer science, the topic of modeling begins to be studied in the sixth grade. At the very beginning of children it is necessary to introduce the concept of the model. What it is?

• Simplified similarity of the object;
• Reduced copy of the real object;
• Scheme of the phenomenon or process;
• An image of a phenomenon or process;
• Description of the phenomenon or process;
• Physical analog of the object;
• Information analog;
• A substitute object that reflects the properties of a real object and so on.

The model is a very broad concept, as it has already become clear from the above. It is important to note that all models are divided into groups:

• material;
• ideal.

A material model is understood as an object based on an actual object. It can be any body or process. This group is divided into two more types:

• physical;
• analog.

Such a classification is conditional, since it is very difficult to draw a clear boundary between the two subspecies.

The ideal model is even more difficult to characterize. It is associated with:

• thinking;
• imagination;
• perception.

It can include works of art (theater, painting, literature and so on).

Objectives of modeling

Modeling in computer science is a very important stage, as it pursues a lot of goals. Now we offer to get acquainted with them.

First of all, modeling helps to knowsurrounding us world. From time immemorial people accumulated the acquired knowledge and passed it on to their descendants. Thus there was a model of our planet (globe).

In the past centuries, modeling of non-existent objects was carried out, which are now firmly entrenched in our lives (an umbrella, a mill, and so on). Currently, the imaging is aimed at:

• the identification of the consequences of any process (increasing the cost of transportation or disposal of chemical waste under the ground);
• ensuring the effectiveness of decisions.

Modeling tasks

We mentioned in the article what is modeling in computer science. This process has some tasks, which we will talk about in this section.

What is the task in modeling? Suppose that we have a problem; to solve it, we need to solve a number of problems. That is, a task is a problem that needs to be addressed. It is important to note that all tasks can be divided into two large groups.

Verbal model

What are the modeling methods? Computer science uses only two methods - informational and mathematical. But it is important to mention another type of model - verbal. About him, we now talk a little more.

The verbal model is categorized as ideal or abstract. This description with letters, words, sentences. These models include:

• protocol;
• Traffic Laws;
• information in educational literature;
• fiction;
• oral or written description of any subject, process or phenomenon.

Mathematical model

What other types of models are being studied in computer science? Information modeling and mathematical (algorithmic) can be divided. Although, as mentioned earlier, the boundaries between the verbal, mathematical and information models are very conditional.

In simple terms, mathThe model describes any situation from a mathematical point of view. Without noticing for ourselves, we do daily mathematical modeling. For example: mother sends her child for bread and milk. She knows how much these products cost in a store located near the house. Now you need to count how much money to give the child. Suppose milk costs 75 rubles and 50 kopecks, and bread costs 30 rubles 20 kopecks. The entire purchase will cost 105 rubles, 70 kopecks (75.5 + 30.2). This is an example of a mathematical model.

Information model

Now let's talk about another type of model,studied in the school course of computer science. Computer modeling, which must be mastered by every future IT specialist, includes the process of implementing an information model using computer tools. But what is this information model?

It is a list of information about any object. What this model describes, and what useful information carries:

• properties of the simulated object;
• his condition;
• communication with the outside world;
• relationships with external objects.

What can serve as an information model:

• verbal description;
• text;
• picture;
• table;
• scheme;
• drawing;
• formula and so on.

Distinctive feature of the information modelis that it can not be touched, tasted, and so on. It is not material embodiment, as presented in the form of information.

System approach to model creation

What class of school curriculum is studiedmodeling? Computer science grade 9 introduces students to this topic in more detail. It is in this class that the child will learn about the systems modeling approach. We offer to talk about this a little more.

Let's start with the concept of "system". This is a group of interrelated elements that work together to accomplish the task. To build a model, they often use a systematic approach, since an object is considered as a system functioning in a certain environment. If a complex object is modeled, then the system is usually divided into smaller parts - subsystems.

Purpose of use

Now we look at the purpose of modeling(computer science 11 class). Earlier it was said that all models are divided into some types and classes, but the boundaries between them are conditional. There are several signs by which it is customary to classify models: goal, field of knowledge, time factor, way of representation.

As for goals, it is customary to distinguish the following types:

• training;
• experienced;
• imitation;
• game;
• scientific and technical.

The first type includes educational materials. To the second, reduced or enlarged copies of real objects (model of construction, aircraft wing, and so on). A simulation model allows you to predict the outcome of an event. Simulation is often used in medicine and the social sphere. For example, the model helps to understand how people will react to this or that reform? Before you make a serious operation to a person for an organ transplant, many experiments were carried out. In other words, the simulation model allows you to solve the problem by “trial and error”. A game model is a kind of economic, business or war game. With this model you can predict the behavior of an object in different situations. A scientific and technical model is used to study any process or phenomenon (a device simulating a lightning discharge, a model of the movement of the planets of the solar system, etc.)

Field of knowledge

In which class do students become more familiar withby modeling? Informatics 9 class focuses on preparing their students for exams for admission to higher educational institutions. Since there are questions on modeling in the USE and GIA tickets, now we need to consider this topic as much as possible. And so, how is the classification by area of ​​knowledge? On this basis there are the following types:

• biological (for example, artificially caused diseases in animals, genetic disorders, malignant neoplasms);
• economic (model of firm behavior, model of market price formation, and so on);
• historical (family tree, models of historical events, model of the Roman army, etc.);
• sociological (model of personal interest, the behavior of bankers when adapting to new economic conditions) and so on.

Time factor

According to this characteristic, two types of models are distinguished:

• dynamic;
• static.

Already, judging by one name, it is not difficultguess that the first type reflects the functioning, development and change of any object in time. A static one, on the contrary, is capable of describing an object at a particular point in time. This type is sometimes called structural, since the model reflects the structure and parameters of the object, that is, it gives a slice of information about it.

Examples of a dynamic model are:

• a set of formulas reflecting the movement of the planets of the solar system;
• graph of changes in air temperature;
• video of a volcanic eruption and so on.

Examples of a statistical model are:

• list of planets in the solar system;
• map of the area and so on.

Presentation method

To begin with, it is very important to say that all modelshave a form and a form, they are always made of something, somehow presented or described. According to this feature, it is customary to classify models as follows:

• material;
• intangible.

The first type includes material copies.existing objects. They can touch, smell, and so on. They reflect the external or internal properties, actions of any object. What are material models for? They are used for the experimental method of knowledge (experimental method).

We have already addressed intangible models too.earlier. They use the theoretical method of knowledge. Such models are called ideal or abstract. This category is divided into several subspecies: imaginary models and informational.

Information models provide a list of differentinformation about the object. Tables, pictures, word descriptions, charts, and so on can serve as an information model. Why is this model called intangible? The thing is that it can not be touched, as it does not have a material embodiment. Among the information models distinguish sign and visual.

An imaginary model is one of the stages of modeling. This is a creative process that takes place in the imagination of man, which precedes the creation of a material object.

Stages of modeling

Theme 9 in computer science “Modeling andformalization "has a lot of weight. It is required to study. In grades 9-11, the teacher is obliged to acquaint students with the stages of creating models. This we now do. So, there are the following stages of modeling:

• substantial statement of the problem;
• mathematical formulation of the problem;
• development using a computer;
• model operation;
• getting the result.

It is important to note that in studying everything thatsurrounds us, uses modeling, formalization. Computer science is a subject dedicated to modern methods of studying and solving any problems. Consequently, the emphasis is on models that can be implemented using a computer. Particular attention in this topic should be given to the point of developing a solution algorithm using electronic computers.

Connections between objects

Now let's talk a little about the relationships between objects. In total, there are three types:

• one to one (this connection is denoted by a one-way arrow in one direction or the other);
• one-to-many (a multiple link is indicated by a double arrow);
• many to many (such a link is indicated by a double arrow).

It is important to note that relationships can be conditional and unconditional. Unconditional connection involves the use of each instance of the object. And in the conditional only separate elements are involved.