Architectural warrant: general information. The names of Greek architectural orders

Architectural warrant is widespreadreceived in the days of Antiquity. As a matter of fact, this is a beam-and-beam construction, supplemented by certain expressive elements. The architectural warrant, general information about which was set forth in the tract of Vitruvius as far back as the 1st century BC, was applied in ancient Greece during the construction of temples and formed the image of the buildings of this country that is recognized today.

Essential elements

Vitruvius in his work outlined the principlesbuilding orders. To calculate the design parameters, the module, which was the lower diameter of the column, was taken as a basis. It was the measure of the dimensions of all the details.

Architectural warrants of Ancient Greece were setstandard elements, differed by the ratio of their magnitudes and decoration. They consisted of a column (column), entablement (entablature) and pedestal. The first, in turn, included three elements:

• fust (shaft - trunk);

• capital;

• base (baza)

The column stem is the largest part of it, itsThe thickness decreases with height, but it is uneven. The capital forms the upper part, it is directly loaded all the overlying elements of the building. The function of the base is clear from its name: it is the basis of a foxtus.

An entablature, the upper part of the structure, alsohas a triple structure. It consists of architrave, frieze and cornice. Architrave forms overlaps between the columns, it is the main supporting part of the entablature. Freese is an average element. Architectural warrants of Antiquity are characterized by a different execution of this detail: it could be smooth or with an image. The cornice crowns the column, often it was decorated with dentils (dentils), or, as they are called, order crackers - a row of rectangular ledges.

The pedestal - the lower part of the column, its base, often had a step structure. The column "grew" from the stylobate (stylobate) - the upper stage.

Architectural warrants of Ancient Greece

In total there are five orders consideredclassical. Three of them were formed on Greek territory. This Doric, Ionic and Corinthian architectural order. In Ancient Rome there were two more: Tuscan and composite. Each of them has its own distinctive features in the structure and decorative elements.

The names of Greek architectural orders giveThe idea of ​​which area of ​​the ancient state they originated. Appearing each in their own area, in the VI century BC. Ionic and Doric types of columns quickly spread throughout Greece. The Corinthian order was not very popular. He became more in demand already in ancient Rome.

Greatness and simplicity

Doric architectural order differedreduced to a minimum number of decorative details. The column did not have a base, because it leaned directly on the stylobate. The trunk narrowed unevenly, somewhere on one third of the height there was a slight thickening. The surface of the column was covered with grooves - flutes. As a rule, there were only 20. The flutes gave a certain ornamentality to the monumental design: they created a play of light and shadow, visually increasing the height of the column. There were variants of columns and with smooth trunks.

The capital had a rounded base on which laysquare. It was supported by a smooth architrave. The frieze contained triglyphs — straight bands with triangular grooves between them, grouped into three. Between the triglyphs there were gaps (methods) either smooth or filled with ornaments. Under the cornice there was often a series of order crackers.

Famous for the whole world

The doric order is familiar to mostmasterpieces of ancient architecture, like the Parthenon and the temple of Hephaestus. Strict courageous columns adorned and buildings dedicated to Poseidon at Cape Sounion, as well as Aphaeus on the island of Aegina.

Doric - the easiest architectural order in terms of decor. The species that appeared in Ionia, and then in Corinth, are distinguished by a large number of ornaments and artistic details.

Femininity embodied in stone

Dori severity was opposedthe softness and even some tenderness of the Ionic order. Columns of this type rise above a rounded base, in appearance resembling several rings stacked on top of each other. The post is longer than the Dorian version. From this column seems more slender. The flutes are deeper (there are 24 in all), and the capital is decorated with currencies (curls).

The Ionic entablature is rather narrow and includesIt has three horizontal parts: a smooth architrave, a frieze that does not have triglyphs, and a slightly protruding eaves with a number of denticles. The middle part of the entablature is often decorated with reliefs.

Creating such a column, the ancient architects likened it to a woman with a slender camp, curly hair-currencies and flowing folds of clothing - flutes.

Origin

Vitruvius, in his treatise, wrote that the Ionicarchitectural order originated during the construction of the Temple of Ephesus. The need for a new form arose because of the desire to find a style that embodies the spirit of the Greek tribes inhabiting the area, and to oppose it to the Dorian. The embodiment of the conceived yielded the desired fruits: the Ionic order is known no less than its strict counterpart, and also belongs to the classics.

Scientists believe that the formation of a new typecolumns occurred gradually, and the Temple of Ephesus became only the quintessence of all previous stages. One way or another, the Ionic order truly embodies refinement and elegance. No wonder it was used in the construction of churches Nika Apteros and Artemis Ephesus, the latter eventually received the title of one of the seven wonders of the world.

Younger brother

The Corinthian order, as already noted, is specialspread received in ancient Rome. On the territory of Greece, it was considered a branch of the Ionic. Indeed, these orders have many similar elements. A tall rod with 24 flutes stands on a rounded base. The main difference is a capital consisting of sixteen currencies accompanied by acanthus leaves arranged in two rows.

The entablature is similar to the corresponding element inthe structure of the Ionic order: it includes a divided architrave, a frieze, complemented by a relief, and a cornice with prongs. The difference of buildings with the use of such columns is that they supported not a dual-slope roof, but a flat one.

If you continue the metaphor of masculinity andfemininity, the third Greek order most likely has features characteristic of a young girl: some flirtatiousness and a love for exquisite jewelry. The earliest samples of the Corinthian order found are the columns of the Temple of Apollo in Bass.

Receivers

Greek architectural orders continued theirexistence in ancient Rome. They were used by masters who created the appearance of the cities of the empire. In parallel, new forms appeared here: Tuscan and composite architectural orders. Both the name of the parts and the general logic of the construction are preserved.

The composite order is a “descendant” of the Ionic andCorinthian. Tuscan features features that make clear his kinship with the Dorian: strict columns without capitals, a smooth architrave and a frieze, a capital round without ornaments.

After the fall of the Roman Empire, interest in sucharchitectural forms gradually subsided and were revived only in the 15th century, when the treatise of Vetruvius was discovered. The buildings in the style of classicism, which took shape a little later, also necessarily contained columns or similar elements. It should be noted that today architectural orders, which have come down to us through the thickness of centuries, are often used to create and decorate new masterpieces.