Julia Dobrovolskaya: biography, activities and interesting facts

Dobrovolskaya Julia Abramovna is widely known inpedagogical and scientific circles. Its merit was the creation of the best in the world textbook of the Italian language, the most comprehensive dictionaries: Russian-Italian and Italian-Russian.

She has translated many films in her life,books, articles, taught countless students. Professor of the University of Milan, Trieste, Trent University Dobrovolskaya has done more than anyone else to popularize the Russian language in Italy. More than once the Italian government has awarded her with prizes in the field of culture.

Childhood, youth

08/25/1917 In Nizhny Novgorod, a future philologist Julia Dobrovolskaya was born in a forester family. Her biography during her adolescence was marked by the relocation of her family to the northern capital. Her father went to work as a planner for the Leningrad production, and her mother - as an English teacher.

After graduating from school, the girl in the choice of profession was onthe footsteps of the mother, entering the Faculty of Philology LIFLI. Yulia's teachers were immensely lucky: the world famous scientist Propp V. Ya. Fundamentally taught students not just the German language, but explained how to feel this language.

Until the end of her life, Yulia Abramovna wasI am grateful to Vladimir Yakovlevich for the basics of art taught to her - to be a polyglot. Later, using the knowledge gained, Yulia Dobrovolskaya was able to master practically all the basic European languages ​​on her own.

A brilliant education engendered euphoria: the future seemed to be an enthusiastic Komsomol member of the “castles in the air”.

She was forced to sign

Those who read her biography may have an association with Vladimir Vysotsky’s lines: “Snow without dirt, like a long life without lies ...”.

She saw such snow in a camp near Moscow. And before that, she had been indiscriminately charged with treason (v. 58-1 “a”), for which she was shot or 15 years in prison. Julia Dobrovolskaya, despite the pressure, stood and did not recognize the imposing guilt.

This woman did not talk about what measuresImpacts were applied to her on the back by masters in thick-walled casemates. Only one phrase fell from her lips: “You can only imagine: Lubyanka, Lefortovo, Butyrka ...”

After failed attempts to break, she was sent to the Khovry camp. The "memory" of those times for her life remained the impossibility of having children as a result of hard labor.

The 28-year-old woman was released under the amnesty of 1945.

Dobrovolskaya about Stalin missionaries in Spain

She became objectionable after a "business trip" to Spain.

Komsomolskaya Pravda Julia Dobrovolskaya responded tothe call for a "man in civilian clothes" who recruited interpreters to participate in helping the Republicans. But in three years of work, the girl understood why Stalin sent 30 thousand military and enscade specialists.

"Internationalists" with military bearing servedadvisors not only in the armed forces of the Republicans, but also consultants in the hastily created analogue of the NKVD. Motherland Cervantes prepared to become a country of partocracy. From the local Communists of the “Popular Front” the visitors made a semblance of the Bolshevik commissars.

They expropriated private property,dealt with their own countrymen. Spaniard Catholics were forced to turn into atheists, they blew up churches, killed priests. Events developed according to the Stalinist canons of "class struggle".

Awareness of guilt before the Spaniards

The population who accepted the "comrades" who arrived to themas anti-fascists, seeing their deeds, rebelled and supported their military, who had revolted. In particular, the “Spanish Chapaev” (previously trained at the Frunze Academy, a friend of Yulia Abramovna Valentin Gonzalez) came to the conclusion that the communists were similar to the Nazis.

At the cost of a million Spaniards' lives, the Republicans were defeated, and the “internationalists” were expelled. Julia Dobrovolskaya, returning home, kept quiet about what he saw and experienced.

She had acquaintances among passionariessubsequently disappointed in the USSR. The translator girl was a notable person (this is evidenced by her image in Ernest Hemingway’s novel For Whom the Bell Tolls).

Obviously, a young woman returned to the USSR was repressed "in advance and just in case": out of fear that she might write about the Spanish war in the Western media or do something like that.

After 40 years, the translator will be in Barcelona, ​​and she will get off the plane with a heavy heart, feeling ashamed of the mission of youth.

Helped to survive

As Yulia Abramovna remembers, to her, abidingunder the yoke, the most important thing was not to become embittered, not to stop seeing good in people. She followed this rule, noticing, remembering and thanks to the people who, at the call of her soul, do good deeds. However, among them she is especially grateful:

• to his decent first husband, Dobrovolsky Yevgeny Alexandrovich, a nomenklatura worker, who married a “zechka” and donated his career
• Mikhailov, engineer of the Khovrinsky plant-camp, who arranged it as a translator;
• to the gray-haired, thinner police chief, who, at his own peril and risk, issued her passport in return for his release certificate.

Tell me who your friend is ...

This ancient Roman proverb has stood the test of time. Long-term friendship associated Julia Dobrovolskaya with many worthy and wonderful people:

• a prisoner of the Gulag, a human rights activist, literary critic Leo Acceleration;
• poet, translator, publicist Korney Chukovsky;
• publicist, translator, poet, journalist Ilya Ehrenburg;
• Campessino (Valentin González), Republican commander, subsequently repressed;
• Italian children's writer and storyteller Gianni Rodari;
• painter Renato Guttuso;
• MSU professor Merab Mamardashvili;
• writer Nina Berberova, wife of Vladislav Khodasevich.

Personal life

Julia Dobrovolskaya, after her release, taught at the Moscow Institute of Foreign Languages ​​from 1946 to 1950. She was engaged in teaching and translation activities.

Competent and principled, she was uncomfortablefor party manipulators. An occasion to blame her soon found. Once Yulia Abramovna translated an article of a Catholic content. The teacher and translator fully experienced the “freedom of conscience in the Soviet format”.

She was fired from her job. The pressure was so strong that her first husband, Evgeny Dobrovolsky, left her.

However, Julia Dobrovolskaya managed to post factumprove their case and get a job at MGIMO. There she began to care for the head of the department of Romance languages ​​Gonion S. A., they got married. His wife Semen Aleksandrovich became a real support and support. Due to her husband's illness, Dobrovolskaya was widowed after nineteen years.

Professional activity

The reason for the departure from the USSR of the professor was the official ban on her receiving an international prize.

In 1964 she finished work on her legendarytextbook Julia Dobrovolskaya "Practical course of the Italian language." By the way, so far (for half a century) this manual is basic for philology students. For this work, recognized as classical, in 1970, the Italian government awarded the MGIMO teacher Yulia Abramovna a national award for achievements in the field of culture.

However, the Soviet government did not allow her to leaveabroad for rewarding. Yulia Dobrovolskaya, a world-famous translator, felt like in her youth, locked in the walls of casemates. She sincerely expected that with the fall of the leader’s bloody regime and with the arrival of the thaw of the 60s she could finally work freely, bitterly disappointed. The professor realized that it was not the institute's bureaucracy that was poisoning her at all - she was not pleased with the system.

More endure experiments on yourself JuliaAbramovna could not. In 1982, she enters into a fictitious marriage with an Italian citizen and leaves the country. This was helped by her Milan girlfriend Amy Moresco, who asked for a favor from her friend Hugo Giussani.

"The teacher of life"

Having traveled to Italy from the USSR, Dobrovolskaya Juliashe remained the same “teacher”: she was always surrounded by a sea of ​​students with questions. She prompted, taught, recommended. She worked furiously, despite the age of 65.

It so happened that the title of Soviet professorhere little meant, although local linguists were amazed by the extensive knowledge of the Russian teacher. Yulia Abramovna loved to say that no one gave her anything. Seven years later she became a professor in Italy. Her doctoral thesis defense was an event for the scientific community of this country.

Volunteer always feltrepresentative of a great culture - Russian. She participated in the publication of books of Russian classics translated by her. Italians admired the “Russian teacher”: the writer Marcello Venturi told about her in his novel: “Gorky Street, 8, apartment 106”. (Once it was her home address).

Often in front of her Italian students.there were tears when, at their request, Yulia Dobrovolskaya told about her life. The biography of the translator and teacher reminded them of an adventure novel: “How? Did you really have to go through it ?! After her death in 2016, university colleagues respectfully admitted that her works were adequate to the scientific merit of a whole team.

It just so happened that two countries, two cultures, two civilizations reflected in the difficult fate of this woman.

Conclusion

After the collapse of the USSR, she came to her homeland more than once, willingly giving interviews.

At the end of her uneasy epistolary lifememory of compatriots left Julia Dobrovolskaya. The Italo-Russian educational books, published from under her pen, were supplemented with the biographical collection “Post Scriptum. Instead of memoirs.

The teacher, a world-famous translator truthfully and in a manner of confidential conversation told the readers about the world in which she lived, about her thoughts and feelings, about her friends.
After her death, those who knew her agreed that, after her departure, there was no impression of emptiness or understatement. She managed to do everything, said everything, wrote everything.